May 31, : The Battle of Seven Pines takes place. Confederate forces under Gen. Joseph E. But Johnston is badly wounded. June 1, : Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes command, replacing the wounded Johnston and renames his force — The Army of Northern Virginia. June July 1 : Lee attacks McClellan near Richmond, resulting in very heavy losses for both armies.
McClellan is forced to withdraw back towards Washington. July 11, : After 4 months as his own general-in-chief, President Lincoln hands over the task to Gen. Henry W. Old Brains Halleck. August , : Confederate forces defeat Gen. John Pope in the second battle of Bull Run. Union Army retreats to Washington. The president then relieves Gen. September 17, : McClellan stops Gen. Lee at Antietam in Maryland, resulting in a huge casualty of 26, and forcing Lee to withdraw to Virginia.
November 7, : The president replaces McClellan with Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside as the new Commander of the Army of the Potomac.
December 13, : Gen. Burnside suffers a defeat at Fredericksburg in Virginia with a loss of 12, men at the hands of Gen. Confederate losses are 5, January 1, : Final proclamation of emancipation is issued to free all slaves in the Confederate territories. President calls for enlisting of black soldiers in the Army. January 25, : Gen. Burnside is replaced by Gen. January 29, : Gen. Grant is placed in command of the Army of the West, with orders to capture Vicksburg.
March 3, : The U. Congress enacts The Enrollment Act requiring conscription from male citizens aged 20 to 45, with certain exemptions. May , : The Union Army under Gen. June 3, : Gen. Lee with 75, Confederates launches his second invasion of the North, heading into Pennsylvania in a campaign that will soon lead to Gettysburg.
July 4, : Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River, surrenders to the Union. This divides the Confederate territory into two and cuts it off from its western allies. July , Anti-draft riots in New York City takes place involving murder of blacks by poor immigrant whites. Union soldiers returning from Gettysburg restore order.
Robert G. Shaw assault Confederate forces at Fort Wagner. August 21, : William C. Quantrill along with his pro-slavery confederate followers raid Lawrence, Kansas and butcher people. September , : Confederate victory by Gen. November , : Union army under Gen. Grant successfully gets back Chattanooga. May 4, : Gen. Ensuing battles include battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor. In the west, Union Maj.
Particular attention is devoted to the nine-month siege of Petersburg, where daily life within the redoubts, lunettes, redans, bomb-proofs, trenches and rifle pits is vividly described.
Hess's trilogy of works on the fortifications of the Civil War, recounts the strategic and tactical operations around Petersburg during the last ten months of the Civil War. Hess covers all aspects of the Petersburg campaign, from important engagements that punctuated the long months of siege to mining and countermining operations, the fashioning of wire entanglements and the laying of torpedo fields to impede attacks, and the construction of underground shelters to protect the men manning the works.
In the Trenches at Petersburg humanizes the experience of the soldiers working in the fortifications and reveals the human cost of trench warfare in the waning days of the struggle. The Confederate fortifications that controlled the lower Mississippi valley were put to the test in the lengthy Federal campaign of Vicksburg was a fortress city, known as the 'Gibraltar of the Confederacy', whose capture was seen as the key to victory in the war.
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